View source for EPD Paper, April 2007

=== Project Documents ===

*[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/0/0f/CSE561_Modeling-Simulation_Preliminary_Report.doc CSE561 Modeling and Simulation Project Preliminary Report (.doc)]
*[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/8/8a/Electrophoretic_Display_Power.ppt Project Slides presented on 5 March 2007 (.ppt)]
*[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/8/88/Bi-stable_electrophoretic_display_power_07_03_04.doc Project document as of 5 March 2007 (.doc)]

=== Paper Search ===
[http://portal.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/results.cfm?query=lcd%20power%20model&querydisp=lcd%20power%20model&start=1&srt=score%20dsc&short=0&parser=Internet&source_parser=Internet&source_disp=&source_query=&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 "LCD power model" search on ACM]

= Display Technologies =

== General ==
*> [http://www.qualcomm.com/technology/imod/media/pdf/Competitive_Display_Technologies_WP.pdf Qualcomm report on competitive modern display technologies]
*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/21635/01002528.pdf Display Technologies for Portable Communication Devices, 2002]

=== Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) ===
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)]
*> [http://www.ausairpower.net/OSR-0398.html LCD background]
*> [http://www.plasma.com/classroom/what_is_tft_lcd.htm Thin Film Transistor (TFT LCD) Overview (plasma.com)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFT_LCD TFT on Wikipedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-matrix_liquid_crystal_display Active Matrix LCD]
*[http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,121906-page,1/article.html L. Blackwell, LCD Specs: Not So Swift, PC World, Friday, July 22, 2005]

== [[Flexible Displays]] ==

=== Electrophroetic Displays (EPD) ===
*> [http://www.elis.ugent.be/ELISgroups/lcd/publi/public.php Incredible list of papers on EPD and other topics from the Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group at University of Ghent]
*[http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/052301/Prototype_shows_electronic_paper_potential_052301.html Electronic paper prototype]
*[http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Herz%20Electrophoretics.pdf Electrophoretic technology]
*(1.21) [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/nature/journal/v394/n6690/pdf/394253a0.pdf B. Comiskey, J. D. Albert, H. Yoshizawa, J. Jacobson, ''An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays, Nature 394, 253-255 (16 July 1998)'']
*(1.12) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/16/31765/01479030.pdf?isnumber=&arnumber=1479030 A. L. Dalisa, ''Electrophoretic Display Technology'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-24, No. 7, July 1977]
::Some current characterization for electrophoretic suspension fluid.
*(1.13) [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6961047.html?s_id=aba086fbe18bd4b479de3ea8bf14df48 ''Katase, Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display, electrophoretic display and electronic device using same'', U.S. Patent 6961047, 2005]
*(1.14) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/31792/01480144.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1480144&isnumber=31792 M. A. Hopper, V. Novotny, ''An Electrophoretic Display, Its Properties, Model, and Addressing'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-26, No. 8, August 1979]
::Addressing. With a display thickness of 50micrometer and an average dielectric constant of 5.0, the capacitance per element would be ~0.055 pF.
*(1.15) [http://escher.elis.rug.ac.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P103_126.pdf S. Vermael, K. Neyts, G. Stojmenovik, F. Beunis, L. Schlangen, ''A 1-Dimensional Simulation Tool for Electophoretic Displays'', Fourth FTW PhD Symposium, Ghent University, 2003]
*(1.17) [http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Herz%20Electrophoretics.pdf E. Herz, ''Electrophoretic Display technology: The beginnings, the improvements, and a future in flexible electronics'', Term Paper, MSE542, Cornell University, May 19, 2006]
*(1.19) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/9370/29754/01356551.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1356551&isnumber=29754 H. Takao, M. Miyasaka, H. Kawai, H. Hara, A. Miyazaki, T. Kodaira, S. W. B. Tam, S. Inoue, T. Shimoda, ''Flexible Semiconductor Devices: Fingerprint Sensor and Electrophoretic Display on Plastic'', ESSDERC Proceeding of the 34th European, pp. 309-312, September 2004]
::EPD driver information and pixel level model
::Section 3. To compensate for the leakage current, the storage capacitor must be very large; here, the capacitance is 34 pF.  A '''polysilicon TFT''' is preferable to an amorphous silicon TFT for the switching transistor, because the large capacitor must be charged during the short pixel selection period.
*(1.20) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/22079/01027833.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1027833&isnumber=22079 S. Inoue, H. Kawai, S. Kanbe, T. Saeki, T. Shimoda, ''High-Resolution Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Display (EPD) Driven by Poly-Si TFTs With Four-Level Grayscale'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 49, No. 8, August 2002]
::EPD driven to produce greyscale
::I. ...we have reported the world's first active-matrix EPD at an international electron device meeting (IEDM 2000)[12].  Since then, a few displays combining TFTs and microencapsulated electrophoretic materials have also been introduced [13]-[16].
::I. Microencapsulated electrophoretic material in this EPD was driven by '''poly-Si TFTs''' fabricated with a low temperature process...
*(1.22) [http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/60m7141x33768100/fulltext.pdf K. S. Kim, J. Y. Lee, B. J. Park, J. H. Sung, I. Chin, H. J. Choi, J. H. Lee, ''Synthesis and characteristics of microcapsules containing electrophoretic particle suspensions'', Springer-Verlag, 11 January 2006]
*[http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/t7n52018550617k8/fulltext.pdf Tokiwa, Imamura, ''Electrophoretic Mobility Studies of Colloidal Particles in Aqueous Solutions of Various Phosphates'', Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, June 1969]
*(1.23) [http://escher.elis.ugent.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P106_015.pdf T. Bert, H. De Smet, F. Beunis, K. Neyts, ''Complete electrical and optical simulation of electronic paper'', Science Direct, 13 October 2005]
*(1.24) [http://escher.elis.ugent.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P105_173.pdf F. Strubbe, (K. Neyts), ''Determination of the valency of pigment particles in electrophoretic ink'', Ghent University, 30 November 2005]
*[http://powerelectronics.com/mag/power_driver_electronics_morph/ M. Valentine, ''Driver Electronics Morph for Flexible Displays'', Power Electronics Technology, July 1, 2006]
::Good description of '''E-Ink''' displays and driver information

==== Colloidal suspension physics ====
*[http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/liquid.html Poise and viscosity, units of viscosity]

==== Greyscale properties ====
*[http://sipix.com/technology/pub/pub_0008_2003.05.21_Liand_SID%2003%20Digest.20.1-R.C.Liang.pdf 20.1: R.C. Liang, Jack Hou, Jerry Chung, Xiaojia Wang, Cheri Pereira and Yajuan Chen, ''Microcup® Active and Passive Matrix Electrophoretic Displays
by Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Processes'', SID 03 DIGEST © 2003 SID]

=== Reflective Cholesteric Displays (ChLCDs) ===
*[http://www.kentdisplays.com/tech/papers.htm List of papers on ChLCD from Kent Displays]

=== Electro-wetting displays ===
*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6956/full/nature01988.html;jsessionid=0CE032D8CA3F256C77384106AF8B5FEF Hayes and Feenstra, ''Video-speed electronic paper based on electrowetting'', ''Nature'' 425, 383-385, 25 September 2003]

=== Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) ===
[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/6669/17838/00823857.pdf?tp=&arnumber=823857&isnumber=17838 T. Shimoda, M. Kimura, S. Seki, H. Kobayashi, S. Kanbe, S. Miyashita, R. H. Friend, J. H. Burroughes, C. R. Towns, I.S. Millard, ''Technology for active matrix light emitting polymer displays'', Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM Technical Digest. International, pp. 107-110, December 1999]

= Display Power =
*(1.1) [http://atrak.usc.edu/~massoud/Papers/CBCS-date04.pdf W. Cheng, Y. Hou, M. Pedram, ''Power Minimization in a Backlit TFT-LCD Display by Concurrent Brightness and Contrast Scaling'', Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, Vol.: 1, pp. 252 - 257, 2004]
::LCD greyscale single pixel power consumption formula
:*[10] [http://www.beyondinfinite.com/lcd/Library/LG-Philips/LP064V1.pdf LG Phillips, LP064V1 LCD specifications (640x480px, 0.9W-1.54W)]
:*[13](1.2) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel1/16/10174/00477590.pdf?tp=&arnumber=477590&isnumber=10174 (13) H. Aoki, ''Dynamic Characterization of a-Si TFT-LCD Pixels'']
:*(apparently related) [http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TY5-4BRKV2Y-6-48&_cdi=5609&_user=56861&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2004&_sk=999519994&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkWA&md5=39e03ee80100e3c4f593206d4f54505b&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Simrata, Subhasis, Gupta, Gate ''capacitance characteristics of a poly-Si thin film transistor'']
*(1.6) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/1150000/1147064/p604-iranli.pdf?key1=1147064&key2=4296552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 A. Iranli, W. Lee, M. Pedram, ''Backlight Dimming in Power-Aware Mobile Displays'', DAC, 2006]
*(1.4) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/11109/35624/01688869.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1688869&isnumber=35624 W. Cheng, C. Chao, ''Minimization for LED-backlit TFT-LCDs'', DAC, 2006]
::Addresses independant scaling of three color LED backlights based on image histogram
*(1.8) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/1070000/1065741/p612-iranli.pdf?key1=1065741&key2=9956552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 A. Iranli, M. Pedram, DTM: Dynamic Tone ''Mapping for Backlight Scaling'', DAC, June 2005]
*(1.5) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/590000/581664/p218-gatti.pdf?key1=581664&key2=6805642711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 F. Gatti, A. Acquaviva, L. Benini, B. Ricco’, ''Low Power Control Techniques For TFT LCD Displays'', CASES, October 2002]
*(1.3) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/290000/280881/p173-benini.pdf?key1=280881&key2=5196552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 L. Benini, R. Hodgson, P. Siegel, ''System-level Power Estimation And Optimization'', ISLPED, August 1998]
*(1.7) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/960000/951742/p232-zhong.pdf?key1=951742&key2=9737552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 L. Zhong, N. K. Jha, ''Graphical User Interface Energy Characterization for Handheld Computers'', CASES, October 2003]
::3.1: Whenever there is a screen change, the processor generates new data for the changing screen pixels and stores them into the framebuffer.  This implies a higher energy consumption with increased temportal changes in the screen.  Meanwhile, to maintain a screen on the LCD, the LCDC must sequentially read screen data from the frame-buffer and refresh the LCD pixels even when there is no screen change.
::3.1: The display itself consists of several parts: LCD power circuitry, a front light, and an LCD.  The LCDs used in the systems we studied are color active thin film transistor (TFT) LCDs.  In such LCDs, each pixel has three comonents: R, G and B, signifying red, green and blue, respectively. Liquid crystals for each component are independently oriented by two polarizers, which are connected to a storage capacitor.  The capacitor is in turn charged and discharged through a TFT to accommodate screen changes.  Moreover, the capacitor must be refreshed at a high rate to maintain an appropriate voltage across the polarizers so that the corresponding liquid crystals remain properly oriented.
*(1.9) [http://www.kudurshian.net/projects/kudurshian1.pdf A. Kudurshian, ''Techniques in Decreasing Power Consumption for Handheld Displays'', CS IS: Issues in Embedded Systems, 2002]
*(1.10) [http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/570000/566440/p112-choi.pdf?key1=566440&key2=9119872711&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=15758537&CFTOKEN=10586811 I. Choi, H. Shim, N. Chang, ''Low-Power Color TFT LCD Display for Hand-Held Embedded Systems'', International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, August 12-14, 2002]
*(1.11) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/31855/01482355.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1482355&isnumber=31855 B. W. Marks, ''Power Consumption in Multiplexed Liquid-Crystal Displays'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-29, No. 8, August 1982]
*(1.25) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/31859/01482543.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1482543&isnumber=31859 B. W. Marks, ''Power Reduction in Liquid-Crystal Display Modules'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-29, No. 12, December 1982]
*(1.16) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/34442/01643488.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1643488&isnumber=34442 T. N. Ruckmongathan, M. Govind, G. Deepak, ''Reducing Power Consumption in Liquid-Crystal Displays'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 53, No. 7, July 2006]
*(1.18) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/16/26455/01177976.pdf W. F. Aerts, S. Verlaak, P. Heremans, ''Design of an Organic Pixel Addressing Circuit for an Active-Matrix OLED Display'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 49, No. 12, December 2002]
*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel3/4251/12029/00553140.pdf?tp=&arnumber=553140&isnumber=12029 Chung, Chen, Cheng, Yeh, A Physically-Based Built-in Spice Poly-Si TF" Model for Circuit Simulation and Reliability Evaluation, IEEE 1996]
*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/27160/01206898.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1206898&isnumber=27160 Jagar, Cheng, Zhang, Wang, Poon, Kok, Chan, ''A SPICE Model for Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Grain-Enhanced Polysilicon Film'']
*[http://www.nec-lcd.com/en/products/nl2432hc17-01b.html NEC NL2432HC17-01B QVGA LCD for mobile applications with touch panel specification]
::Backlight power: 200mW
::Panel and Driver power: 20mW


== Active Matrix (Thin Film Transistor, TFT) ==

*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/2220/29452/01335004.pdf?arnumber=1335004 Guo, Silva, ''Circuit simulation of current-modulated field emission display pixel driver based on carbon nanotubes'', Electronics Letters, September 2nd, 2004]
*[http://www.ece.uci.edu/docs/hspice/hspice_2001_2-180.html MOS16(2.0) poly-Si TFT model AIM-SPICE, HSPICE]


== Display Drivers ==
*[http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms918695.aspx Display Buffer Formats, MSDN Library]
*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/6780/18154/00839743.pdf?tp=&arnumber=839743&isnumber=18154 Y. Nakajima, N. Goto, H. Kataoka, T. Maekawa, ''A 3.8inch QVGA Reflective Color LCD with Integrated 3b DAC Driver'', IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2000]
*[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/19522/00902719.pdf?tp=&arnumber=902719&isnumber=19522 Yongfu Zhu, Muju Li, Jianfeng Yuan, Chuanzhen Liu, Bailiang Yang, and Dezhen Shen, ''Simulation of Pixel Voltage Error for a-Si TFT LCD Regarding the Change in LC Pixel Capacitance'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 48, No. 2, February 2001]
::TFT characterization
*[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/cgi-bin/fulltext/98017255/PDFSTART  H.E.A. Huitema, G.H. Gelinck, J.B.P.H. van der Putten, K.E. Kuijk, C.M. Hart, E. Cantatore, D.M. de Leeuw, ''Active-Matrix Displays Driven by Solution-Processed Polymeric Transistors'', Advanced Materials Vol. 14 No. 17 pp. 1201-1204, August 29, 2002]
::LCD total pixel capacitance 5 pF
*[http://sipix.com/technology/pub/pub_0008_2003.05.21_Liand_SID%2003%20Digest.20.1-R.C.Liang.pdf R.C. Liang, J. Hou, J. Chung, X. Wang, C. Pereira and Y. Chen, Microcup® Active and Passive Matrix Electrophoretic Displays by Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Processes'', SID Digest, 2003]
::Roll-to-Roll manufacturing
::Grayscale through pulse-width modulation

= Image Quality =
*[http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~zwang/files/papers/quality_2c.pdf Universal Image Quality Index]
*[http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~lcv/ssim/ The Structureal Similarity (SSIM) Index for Image Quality Assessment]
*[http://www.compression.ru/video/quality_measure/vqmt_download_en.html#start MSU image quality software tool from Russian developer]


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