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• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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• Display Technologies for Portable Communication Devices, 2002

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Electrophroetic Displays

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• An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays, 1998

Display Power

• (1.1)Pedram, Cheng, Hou, Power Minimization in a Backlit TFT-LCD Display by Concurrent Brightness and Contrast Scaling, 2004

LCD greyscale single pixel power consumption formula

[13](1.2)(13) Aoki, Dynamic Characterization of a-Si TFT-LCD Pixels

• (1.9)Iranli, Lee, Pedram, Backlight Dimming in Power-Aware Mobile Displays
• (1.4)Cheng, Chao, Minimization for LED-backlit TFT-LCDs, 2006

Addresses independant scaling of three color LED backlights based on image histogram

• (1.8)Iranli, Pedram, DTM: Dynamic Tone Mapping for Backlight Scaling, June 2005

• (1.5)Gatti, Acquaviva, Benini, Ricco’, Low Power Control Techniques For TFT LCD Displays

• (1.3)Benini, Hodgson, Siegel, System-level Power Estimation And Optimization, August 1998

• (1.7)Zhong, Jha, Graphical User Interface Energy Characterization for Handheld Computers, October 2003

3.1: Whenever there is a screen change, the processor generates new data for the changing screen pixels and stores them into the framebuffer. This implies a higher energy consumption with increased temportal changes in the screen. Meanwhile, to maintain a screen on the LCD, the LCDC must sequentially read screen data from the frame-buffer and refresh the LCD pixels even when there is no screen change.

3.1: The display itself consists of several parts: LCD power circuitry, a front light, and an LCD. The LCDs used in the systems we studied are color active thin film transistor (TFT) LCDs. In such LCDs, each pixel has three comonents: R, G and B, signifying red, green and blue, respectively. Liquid crystals for each component are independently oriented by two polarizers, which are connected to a storage capacitor. The capacitor is in turn charged and discharged through a TFT to accommodate screen changes. Moreover, the capacitor must be refreshed at a high rate to maintain an appropriate voltage across the polarizers so that the corresponding liquid crystals remain properly oriented.

• (1.9)Kudurshian, Techniques in Decreasing Power Consumption for Handheld Displays, 2002

• (1.10)[http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/570000/566440/p112-choi.pdf?key1=566440&key2=9119872711&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=15758537&CFTOKEN=10586811 Choi, Shim, Chang, Low-Power Color TFT LCD Display for Hand-Held

Embedded Systems, 2002]